-in the 1800s -1914
- China's population skyrocketed
- population had grown from about 100 million in 1685 to some 430 million in 1853
-growing pressure on the land, impoverishment, starvation
- there was harsh treatments of peasants
- gangs and peasants rebellions became common
- China’s internal crisis: the Taiping Uprising
- leader Hong Xiuquan told people that he was the younger brother of Jesus
- wanted to industrialize China
- women in China wanted more power or rights
- wanted their feet to be unbound (it was popular back than)
- men and women equal shares of land
- China and Europe's relationship changed after the Opium chaos
- first Opium War (1839-1842)
- second Opium War (1856-1858)
- Chinese government tried to act against problems
- conservative leaders feared that development would change the landlord class
- Boxer Uprising (1898–1901)
- this was when many European and Chinese christians were killed
- China and the Ottoman Empire thought that they didn't need to learn from the West, attempted defensive modernization, and suffered a split in society between modernists and ones that wanted to keep up with their traditional values
- Ottomans lost the territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, and France
- Napoleon’s 1798 invasion of Egypt was especially devastating
- Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania attained independence
- Europeans achieved direct access to Asia
- government relied on foreign loans to finance economic development efforts
- depended on Europe
- in the late 18th century, they sent ambassadors to study European methods, imported European advisers, and established schools
- Islamic modernism: accepted Western technology and science but not its materialism
- supporters of reform saw the Ottoman Empire as a secular state
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