- 1913-present
- the new forces of nationalism, national self determination, and the nation state
- there were contradictions of the colonial empires when Africa and Asia became independent
- new elites challenged colonial rule
- contradictions of the colonial empire
- India ending British rule
- there was an impact because ow WWI
- Partition in 1947
- South Africa ending Apartheid
- they were independent but there was a white minority rule
- there was an industrial economy that used black labor and didn't pay well
- African National Congress in 1912
- there was a turn towards armed struggle in the 1960
- there was also international pressure
- there was continued violence
- Nelson Mandela
- he was president of south africa
- there was democracy in India
- economic failure in Africa
- armies knew they were powerful so they intimidated poorer people
- transition to democracy in the 1980s
- leftist politics and military coups in Latin America
- overcame poverty
- disagreements in the field of developmental economics
- participated in world markets
- in Turkey and Iran:
- cultures of tradition and culture modernity
- politics of Islam, dress and gender
- cultural revolution in favor of tradition
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